Anonymous form hardening

Public contact / comment forms are the most abused surfaces. Skip CAPTCHA-first; layered cheap defenses do more.

1. Threat model

Threat	Trait	Frequency
Spam bots	auto-submit, many IPs	90%+
Manual spam	copy-paste	medium
Targeted	specific fake reports	low
Resource abuse	1000s/s	rare

2. Honey-pot (layer 1)

<input type="text" name="website" tabIndex={-1} autoComplete="off" aria-hidden="true"
       style={{ position: "absolute", left: "-9999px", opacity: 0 }} />

if (body.website?.trim()) {
  return NextResponse.json({ ok: true }, { status: 200 });
  // 200 on purpose — no retry
}

3. IP hash (layer 2)

function hashIp(ip: string) {
  return createHash("sha256").update(ip).digest("hex").slice(0, 32);
}

Enables dedup without storing raw IPs
PIPA / GDPR friendly

4. Rate limit (layer 3)

await redis.incr(`inq:${ipHash}:${Math.floor(Date.now()/60000)}`);

5. zod + length caps

const Schema = z.object({
  name: z.string().max(40).optional(),
  email: z.string().email().max(120).optional(),
  subject: z.string().max(80).optional(),
  message: z.string().min(5).max(2000),
  website: z.string().optional(),
});

6. XSS — sanitize on display

const safe = DOMPurify.sanitize(marked.parse(message));
<div dangerouslySetInnerHTML={{ __html: safe }} />

7. Minimize PII

CREATE TABLE inquiries (
  id BIGSERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
  name TEXT, email TEXT,
  message TEXT NOT NULL,
  user_agent TEXT, ip_hash TEXT,
  status VARCHAR(12) NOT NULL DEFAULT 'new'
    CHECK (status IN ('new','read','replied','archived')),
  created_at TIMESTAMPTZ NOT NULL DEFAULT now()
);

8. Status flow

new → read → replied → archived.

9. When CAPTCHA

The six above cover 99%. Add CAPTCHA when:

Dozens of spam/day sustained
Targeted abuse
Money-valued actions

Prefer Cloudflare Turnstile or hCaptcha over reCAPTCHA.

10. Gotchas

CAPTCHA first hurts UX and fails to many solver services
Raw IP storage triggers data-retention duties
4xx teaches bots to go elsewhere; honey-pot wants 200
Admin UI is not XSS-safe either

Closing

Honey-pot alone catches ~80% of year-one spam. Pile on more tools only after real logs show the need.

data/12-multi-pg-pool-orchestration
backend/13-audit-log-pattern