How the Internet Works
6 min
"What happens when you type google.com into the browser" is a classic interview question. Behind that short line, the OSI seven layers, IP, DNS, TCP, TLS, and HTTP appear in turn. This article gives beginners a one-time…
Web Fundamentals
HTML, CSS, JS, HTTP, URL basics
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JavaScript Basics — The Browser's Dynamic Language
5 minIf HTML is the skeleton and CSS is the look, JavaScript is the behavior. Pressing a button to open a modal, validating input, fetching data from the server and rendering it — all of these belong to JS. This article cove…
Browser DevTools — The First Tool for Debugging
6 minIt is no exaggeration to say that half of the first few months of frontend work is learning how to use DevTools. Logging values to the console, inspecting network requests, tweaking styles on the fly, simulating mobile…
CSS — Look and Layout
5 minIf HTML describes what something is, CSS describes how it looks and how it is arranged. Color, size, spacing, alignment, responsiveness — most of the visual decisions on screen belong to CSS. This article covers CSS's o…
HTTP and REST — The Client-Server Contract
7 minWhat does the browser ask the server for, and how does the server reply? Almost everything on the web sits on top of that simple question. This article covers HTTP's origins, methods and status codes, headers, REST's or…
URL Anatomy — Reading the Address Bar
6 minThe single line in the browser's address bar has a more precise structure than it looks. It's a small grammar that expresses how to access which resource. This article covers each part of a URL, encoding rules, the diff…
HTML — The Skeleton of a Web Page
5 minEverything the browser shows on screen ultimately starts from a text document. The format of that text document is HTML. It is the first language a beginner meets, and the place we keep returning to no matter what other…